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Question 1
A turning leaf stays green at first, then reveals splotches of yellow and red as chlorophyll gradually breaks down. Dark green seems to stay longest in the veins, outlining and defining them. During the summer, chlorophyll breaks down in the heat and light, but it is also being steadily replaced. In the fall, on the other hand, no new pigment is produced, and so we notice the other colors that were always there, although chlorophyll's shocking green hid them from view. With their camouflage gone, we see these colors for the first time all year, and marvel, but they were always there, hidden like a vivid secret beneath the hot glowing greens of summer.
According to the passage, which of the following most directly causes leaves to change their color in the fall?
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) D
Rationale
New chlorophyll no longer being produced.
The passage explains that the change in leaf color during the fall is primarily due to the cessation of chlorophyll production, which allows other pigments to become visible. When chlorophyll fades, the greens of leaves diminish, revealing the yellows, oranges, and reds that were previously masked.
A) Chlorophyll in the leaves beginning to break down then
While chlorophyll breakdown is part of the color change process, it is not the direct cause. The critical factor leading to the change in color is not merely the breakdown of chlorophyll but rather the lack of its production, which prevents fresh green chlorophyll from masking the other pigments.
B) Heat and light causing new pigments to be produced
This option suggests that environmental factors like heat and light are responsible for producing new pigments. However, the passage does not indicate that new pigments are created; rather, it highlights that the existing pigments become visible due to the absence of chlorophyll.
C) Existing pigments becoming more uniform
The concept of pigments becoming more uniform is not supported in the passage. The change in color is due to the relative visibility of existing pigments rather than any uniformity among them. As chlorophyll fades, the diversity of colors from other pigments becomes more pronounced.
D) New chlorophyll no longer being produced
The cessation of new chlorophyll production is the direct cause of the change in leaf color. As chlorophyll levels drop, the vibrant greens fade, making way for the other pigments that were always present but hidden.
Conclusion
The passage illustrates that the leaves' color change in the fall is directly linked to the lack of new chlorophyll production. This leads to the visibility of other pigments, marking a significant transformation in leaf appearance. Understanding this process emphasizes the importance of chlorophyll in maintaining the green color and highlights how changes in its production can drastically affect the visual landscape of autumn foliage.
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Question 2
A century ago, opponents of women's suffrage in the United States scoffed at the notion that extending the vote to women would make any difference. 'Women will vote with their husbands' was the commonly accepted wisdom. This was an argument made in the absence of evidence, as women did not yet have the vote. Ever since women won the vote, researchers have been keeping close track of female voting behavior. A 'gender gap' in voting behavior has been found in the United States as in many other countries. In the United States, the 1994 and 1996 elections showed the largest gaps ever between candidates favored by women and those favored by men.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) C
Rationale
show the inaccuracy of a prediction about women's suffrage.
The passage focuses on addressing a specific prediction regarding women's suffrage and highlights its inaccuracies. It provides insights into how the anticipated outcomes were not realized, thereby emphasizing the gap between expectation and reality in the movement for women's voting rights.
A) describe the evolution of a gender gap in the United States
This choice suggests a broader discussion about the gender gap, which is not the main focus of the passage. While the gender gap may be touched upon, the passage specifically critiques a prediction related to women's suffrage rather than exploring its evolution in detail.
B) present a concise history of the women's suffrage movement
Although the women's suffrage movement may be referenced, the passage does not provide a comprehensive historical overview. Instead, it centers on the inaccuracies of a particular prediction rather than detailing the entire movement's timeline or key events.
C) show the inaccuracy of a prediction about women's suffrage
This is the primary aim of the passage, as it directly addresses a prediction related to women's suffrage and discusses its failure to materialize as expected. This focus is crucial to understanding the implications of the suffrage movement's outcomes and societal expectations.
D) explain the differences in voting behavior between men and women
This option implies a comparative analysis of voting behaviors, which is not the passage's intent. The text does not delve into specific voting behaviors or differences; rather, it critiques a prediction about women's suffrage itself.
Conclusion
The passage's primary purpose is to highlight the inaccuracies in predictions regarding women's suffrage, focusing specifically on how these expectations did not align with reality. Choices A, B, and D diverge from this central theme, while choice C directly encapsulates the passage's intent to analyze and critique these predictions within the context of the suffrage movement.
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Question 3
African American publishing entrepreneur John H. Johnson (1918-2005) had a significant impact on American business practices, by successfully disproving a common assumption about marketing and media in the early twentieth century-that a single message and medium could reach all Americans-Johnson helped make possible everything from Telemundo to Ms. magazine. The very nature of contemporary media hinges on the concept demonstrated by Johnson-the profitability of targeting specific niches of consumers, segmented by ethnicity, age, and other demographic characteristics. Johnson devised techniques and concepts whose effectiveness now benefits many American businesses and even multinational corporations facing the challenge of marketing goods and services to a globally diverse population.
In context, 'Telemundo' and 'Ms. magazine' serve as examples of media that
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) D
Rationale
were designed to appeal to particular groups of consumers.
Both 'Telemundo' and 'Ms. magazine' were created with specific target audiences in mind, focusing on serving the needs and interests of particular demographic groups. This strategic approach to media production allows each outlet to resonate deeply with its respective audience, enhancing viewer engagement and loyalty.
A) devised similar marketing techniques
While both media outlets may employ various marketing strategies to reach their audiences, the question specifically addresses their foundational purpose and target demographics, rather than their marketing methods. Each entity may have different approaches tailored to their unique audiences, making this choice inaccurate.
B) were created by the same media visionary
'Telemundo' and 'Ms. magazine' were founded by different individuals and organizations, reflecting distinct missions and visions. The creators of these media outlets cater to different cultural and societal contexts, which makes this choice misleading.
C) underwent profound changes as a result of Johnson's work
Although Johnson may have influenced the media landscape, this option does not accurately represent the primary intention of 'Telemundo' and 'Ms. magazine'. Each outlet was designed with a clear purpose from the outset, rather than being reactive transformations attributed to a single individual's contributions.
Conclusion
'Telemundo' and 'Ms. magazine' exemplify media tailored to specific consumer groups, showcasing the importance of audience identification in media production. Understanding their distinct missions highlights how targeted media can fulfill the needs and interests of diverse communities, further underscoring the role of strategic design in effective media communication.
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Question 4
Strictly speaking, gargoyles are spouts carved on the outsides of a building. They protrude from a roof gutter and are designed to direct water away from the roof. The word "gargoyle" comes from the Old French gargouille and the Late Latin gurgulio, both of which mean "throat." While we usually think of gargoyles as being carved in the shapes of grotesque animals or people, some are undecorated, serving a purely utilitarian function.
The author includes and defines the words 'gargouille' and 'gurgulio' primarily to
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) B
Rationale
connect the name and function of gargoyles.
The author defines the words 'gargouille' and 'gurgulio' to illustrate the etymological link between the names of these figures and their practical function as water spouts, thereby enhancing the reader's understanding of both the term and its purpose.
A) describe the physical appearance of gargoyles
While the author discusses gargoyles, the definitions of 'gargouille' and 'gurgulio' do not focus on their physical characteristics. Instead, the emphasis is on the etymology and functionality of these structures, rather than their visual attributes.
B) connect the name and function of gargoyles
The definitions serve to bridge the gap between the terminology and the practical role of gargoyles as water spouts, demonstrating how the words are intrinsically linked to their purpose. This connection enriches the reader's comprehension of gargoyles in both a linguistic and functional context.
C) establish the geographical origin of gargoyles
The text does not specify the geographical origins of gargoyles through the definitions provided. Instead, the focus is strictly on the meanings of the terms, which relate more to their function than to their place of origin.
D) suggest the artistic and cultural value of gargoyles
Although gargoyles have artistic and cultural significance, the definitions of 'gargouille' and 'gurgulio' do not highlight this aspect. The primary intent is to clarify the names' meanings and their relationship to the gargoyles' function, rather than to explore their artistic merit.
Conclusion
The inclusion of the terms 'gargouille' and 'gurgulio' serves a specific purpose—connecting the names to the practical function of gargoyles as water spouts. This etymological insight deepens the reader's understanding of gargoyles, emphasizing the relationship between their nomenclature and utility, while the other choices misinterpret the intent behind the definitions.
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Question 5
In 1921, when Bessie Coleman became the first licensed African American aviator, there was not much need for commercial pilots; passenger air travel didn't become popular until the 1930s. To put her aviation license to use, Coleman began to train as a stunt flyer. This competitive field required not only superior technical skills, but also boldness and charisma. Coleman, often billed as 'the world's greatest woman flyer,' attracted large crowds with her daring aerial maneuvers and fearless persona.
The author's description focuses mainly on Coleman's
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) B
Rationale
audacity
The author's description highlights the boldness and confidence in Coleman's actions and contributions, emphasizing a transformative impact on language and culture that reflects audacity. This quality is illustrated through the significant changes occurring in American society due to the growing Latino population and the widespread use of Spanish.
A) humility
Humility refers to a modest view of one's own importance, which does not align with the author's emphasis on the transformative and bold changes brought about by Coleman's influence. The passage instead suggests a sense of empowerment and assertiveness in the cultural shifts occurring in the United States.
B) audacity
The text underscores the boldness and assertiveness of the changes in American culture, driven by the growing Latino population and the increasing presence of the Spanish language. This audacity is evident in how the author portrays the shift from a once-limited use of Spanish to its current ubiquity, signaling a significant cultural transformation.
C) creativity
While creativity may play a role in cultural changes, the passage does not focus on artistic expression or innovation specifically associated with Coleman. Instead, it highlights the social and linguistic shifts, indicating a more assertive stance rather than purely creative endeavors.
D) generosity
Generosity relates to the willingness to give more than is necessary or expected, which is not the central theme of the author's description. The emphasis lies more on the bold changes in language and culture rather than on acts of kindness or altruism associated with Coleman.
Conclusion
The author's portrayal of Coleman's influence centers on the audacity of the cultural shifts resulting from the growing Latino presence in the United States. This boldness in transforming language and societal norms underscores the significant changes occurring, marking a departure from previous limitations in the use of Spanish. The focus on audacity highlights the impactful role of this demographic evolution in shaping American culture.
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