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Question 1
Read the passage(s) below and answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage(s) and in any introductory material that may be provided.
Passage
During the early development of a new idea, scientists behave rather like artists, driven by temperament. We start off with a hunch, a feeling, even a desire that the world be one way, and then we proceed from that presentiment, often sticking with it long after the data suggest we may be leading ourselves and others down a blind alley. What saves us is that experiment acts as the ultimate referee, settling all disputes. No matter how strong our hunch is, at some point we will have to prove it with facts. Otherwise our hunch, no matter how strongly held, will remain just that.
Adapted from Donald Goldsmith and Marcia Bartusiak, E Einstein. His Life, His Thought, and His Influence on Our Culture©2006 by The Reference Works, Inc
Passage
During the early development of a new idea, scientists behave rather like artists, driven by temperament. We start off with a hunch, a feeling, even a desire that the world be one way, and then we proceed from that presentiment, often sticking with it long after the data suggest we may be leading ourselves and others down a blind alley. What saves us is that experiment acts as the ultimate referee, settling all disputes. No matter how strong our hunch is, at some point we will have to prove it with facts. Otherwise our hunch, no matter how strongly held, will remain just that.
Adapted from Donald Goldsmith and Marcia Bartusiak, E Einstein. His Life, His Thought, and His Influence on Our Culture©2006 by The Reference Works, Inc
The primary purpose of the passage is to
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) D
Rationale
Describe the influence of Spanish attitudes and practices on the painting of New Spain.
The passage discusses how Spanish aristocratic prejudice against commerce and manual labor shaped the perception of painting in New Spain during the 1600s. It highlights the role of guilds in perpetuating these beliefs while also fostering a unique artistic expression influenced by local conditions.
A) Trace the history of guilds in New Spain
While the passage mentions guilds and their role in maintaining certain beliefs about painting, it does not provide a historical account of guilds themselves. Instead, it focuses on the impact of these guilds on the perception of painting, making this choice inaccurate.
B) Criticize the Spanish beliefs about manual labor
The passage does not explicitly criticize Spanish beliefs; rather, it explains how these beliefs influenced the status of painting as an art form. It presents the information in a descriptive manner without advocating for or against these prejudices.
C) Describe some particular works of art created in New Spain in the 1600s
Although the passage discusses the development of distinctive works of art, it does not describe any specific artworks. Instead, it emphasizes the broader context of how local conditions shaped artistic practices, making this option incorrect.
Conclusion
The primary purpose of the passage is to illustrate how Spanish attitudes and practices influenced the perception and development of painting in New Spain during the 1600s. It highlights the social context that shaped artistic expression while acknowledging the dual role of guilds in perpetuating outdated beliefs and fostering local artistic identity.
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Question 2
Read the passage(s) below and answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage(s) and in any introductory material that may be provided.
Passage
During the process of photosynthesis, algae produce a small amount of hydrogen gas. Recently, microbiologists funded by the Department of Energy figured out how to create mutant versions of algae that generate much more hydrogen. You are probably wondering why the Department of Energy is funding this research. The answer is that the hydrogen produced by algae could one day be used to provide energy to entire cities.
Passage
During the process of photosynthesis, algae produce a small amount of hydrogen gas. Recently, microbiologists funded by the Department of Energy figured out how to create mutant versions of algae that generate much more hydrogen. You are probably wondering why the Department of Energy is funding this research. The answer is that the hydrogen produced by algae could one day be used to provide energy to entire cities.
According to the passage, which of the following most directly causes leaves to change their color in the fall?
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) D
Rationale
New chlorophyll no longer being produced
As stated in the passage, during the fall, no new chlorophyll is produced, leading to the visibility of other pigments that were previously masked by the dominant green of chlorophyll. This cessation of chlorophyll production is the primary reason for the change in leaf color.
A) Chlorophyll in the leaves beginning to break down then
While chlorophyll does break down, the passage emphasizes that the lack of new chlorophyll production is the more direct cause of the color change. The breakdown alone does not account for the sudden visibility of other colors; it is the absence of new chlorophyll that reveals them.
B) Heat and light causing new pigments to be produced
The passage indicates that during the fall, no new pigments are produced. Instead, existing pigments become visible only because chlorophyll is not being replaced. Therefore, this choice misinterprets the process described in the passage.
C) Existing pigments becoming more uniform
The passage does not suggest that existing pigments become more uniform; rather, it states that their colors become visible as chlorophyll breaks down. The colors of the pigments do not change; they simply become apparent once the green chlorophyll is no longer present.
Conclusion
In summary, the change in leaf color during fall is primarily caused by the absence of new chlorophyll production, which allows the colors of existing pigments to emerge. The breakdown of chlorophyll contributes to this process, but it is the lack of replacement that directly leads to the vibrant hues becoming visible. This phenomenon illustrates the hidden beauty of nature, revealed only when the dominant green fades away.
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Question 3
Read the passage(s) below and answer the question based on what is stated or implied in the passage(s) and in any introductory material that may be provided.
Passage
Archaeologists have traditionally thought that the rise of agriculture required early farmers to settle down near their crops. But new findings suggest that Turkey a large Neolithic village of such early farmers-was smack in the middle of marshy wetlands. Archaeologist Arlene Rosen's analysis of fossil remains of wheat and barley found at indicates that the grain was grown in a dry area. Some experts reject the implication that farmers cultivated distant fields, since large quantities of grain would have had to be transported. However, archaeobotanist Eleni Asouti has shown that the wood used for construction at grew at least twelve kilometers away from the village.
Adapted from Michael Balter, "Did Plaster Hold Neolithic Society Together©2016 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Passage
Archaeologists have traditionally thought that the rise of agriculture required early farmers to settle down near their crops. But new findings suggest that Turkey a large Neolithic village of such early farmers-was smack in the middle of marshy wetlands. Archaeologist Arlene Rosen's analysis of fossil remains of wheat and barley found at indicates that the grain was grown in a dry area. Some experts reject the implication that farmers cultivated distant fields, since large quantities of grain would have had to be transported. However, archaeobotanist Eleni Asouti has shown that the wood used for construction at grew at least twelve kilometers away from the village.
Adapted from Michael Balter, "Did Plaster Hold Neolithic Society Together©2016 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science
In the first two sentences , scientists are presented as all of the following EXCEPT
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) C
Rationale
Scientists are presented as inherently logical.
The passage describes scientists as being influenced by their emotions and hunches during the early stages of idea development, which contrasts with the notion of them being inherently logical. Instead, it emphasizes the subjective and some× irrational aspects of their initial thought processes.
A) predisposed
The term "predisposed" implies a natural inclination toward certain thoughts or feelings, which aligns with the passage's portrayal of scientists beginning with a hunch or feeling. This suggests they are indeed predisposed to certain ideas before empirical evidence is considered.
B) determined
The passage indicates that scientists often stick with their initial hunches, showing a level of determination to pursue their ideas despite contrary data. This determination is reflected in their behavior as they follow their instincts and feelings.
D) overly zealous
The description of scientists being driven by temperament and continuing with their ideas even in the face of contradictory evidence suggests that they can be overly zealous in their pursuits. This characteristic aligns with the notion that they may cling to their beliefs longer than is rational.
Conclusion
The portrayal of scientists in the passage focuses on their emotional and instinctive approaches during early idea development, highlighting their predispositions, determination, and potential zeal. However, it does not support the idea that they are inherently logical, as their initial processes are influenced more by subjective feelings than by objective reasoning. Thus, "inherently logical" stands out as the exception among the choices.
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Question 4
Read the passage(s) below and answer the question based on what is stated or implied in the passage(s) and in any introductory material that may be provided.
Passage
Passage 1
The realm of blogging and other user-generated web content, like personal home pages, has a Wild West, anything-can-happen feel to it. A guy who has never written a children's book goes from blogging, to networking, to causing a stir, and ends up with a book deal. A couple of women who find their conversations about dating incredibly amusing turn out to be right, and end up with a television deal from a major cable channel. While it is growing and changing more rapidly than anyone can accurately track, the world of blogging is still a place where anyone can stand out, make a splash, be seen, be heard, and be successful.
Passage 2
A blog can seem like a waste of time to some, since there is no guarantee readers will come and comment. Maintaining it with new posts and an interesting layout can seem like a chore. Why does someone bother to create a blog if it isn't to peddle a product or to get in touch with consumers? "The principal reason to blog is because you have something to say, claims one expert on blogging. "While the cadre of readers may be small, it is not really how many sets of eyeballs are reading your material that's important, but who the eyeballs belong to. Blogs are written by influencers, and it is often other influencers that read them."
Passage
Passage 1
The realm of blogging and other user-generated web content, like personal home pages, has a Wild West, anything-can-happen feel to it. A guy who has never written a children's book goes from blogging, to networking, to causing a stir, and ends up with a book deal. A couple of women who find their conversations about dating incredibly amusing turn out to be right, and end up with a television deal from a major cable channel. While it is growing and changing more rapidly than anyone can accurately track, the world of blogging is still a place where anyone can stand out, make a splash, be seen, be heard, and be successful.
Passage 2
A blog can seem like a waste of time to some, since there is no guarantee readers will come and comment. Maintaining it with new posts and an interesting layout can seem like a chore. Why does someone bother to create a blog if it isn't to peddle a product or to get in touch with consumers? "The principal reason to blog is because you have something to say, claims one expert on blogging. "While the cadre of readers may be small, it is not really how many sets of eyeballs are reading your material that's important, but who the eyeballs belong to. Blogs are written by influencers, and it is often other influencers that read them."
What assumption does the author of the passage make?
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) D
Rationale
Readers do not associate the Department of Energy with algae research.
The author assumes that readers may not typically connect the Department of Energy with research focused on algae, thereby highlighting the surprising nature of the funding for this initiative. This assumption underlines the need to explain the potential benefits of algae in energy production.
A) Gases produced by algae will be cheaper to produce than other gases.
This statement does not reflect an assumption made in the passage. The author does not provide any comparison of costs between hydrogen produced by algae and other sources of hydrogen or gases, leaving this assumption unsubstantiated.
B) The Department of Energy is already using hydrogen-producing algae as a source of energy.
The passage does not indicate that the Department of Energy is currently utilizing hydrogen-producing algae. Instead, it discusses ongoing research and the potential for future applications, making this statement an incorrect assumption.
C) Mutant versions of algae will not be capable of the process of photosynthesis.
This choice misinterprets the passage. The research is focused on enhancing hydrogen production through mutant algae, implying that these mutants can still perform photosynthesis. Thus, the assumption that they will not be capable is unfounded.
Conclusion
The assumption that readers do not typically associate the Department of Energy with algae research highlights the unexpected nature of funding in this area. The passage emphasizes the innovative potential of algae to produce hydrogen for energy, inviting readers to reconsider preconceived notions about energy sources and the role of governmental agencies in advancing such research.
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Question 5
Read the passage(s) below and answer the question based on what is stated or implied in the passage(s) and in any introductory material that may be provided.
Passage
Passage 1
The realm of blogging and other user-generated web content, like personal home pages, has a Wild West, anything-can-happen feel to it. A guy who has never written a children's book goes from blogging, to networking, to causing a stir, and ends up with a book deal. A couple of women who find their conversations about dating incredibly amusing turn out to be right, and end up with a television deal from a major cable channel. While it is growing and changing more rapidly than anyone can accurately track, the world of blogging is still a place where anyone can stand out, make a splash, be seen, be heard, and be successful.
Passage 2
A blog can seem like a waste of time to some, since there is no guarantee readers will come and comment. Maintaining it with new posts and an interesting layout can seem like a chore. Why does someone bother to create a blog if it isn't to peddle a product or to get in touch with consumers? "The principal reason to blog is because you have something to say," claims one expert on blogging. "While the cadre of readers may be small, it is not really how many sets of eyeballs are reading your material that's important, but who the eyeballs belong to. Blogs are written by influencers, and it is often other influencers that read them."
Passage
Passage 1
The realm of blogging and other user-generated web content, like personal home pages, has a Wild West, anything-can-happen feel to it. A guy who has never written a children's book goes from blogging, to networking, to causing a stir, and ends up with a book deal. A couple of women who find their conversations about dating incredibly amusing turn out to be right, and end up with a television deal from a major cable channel. While it is growing and changing more rapidly than anyone can accurately track, the world of blogging is still a place where anyone can stand out, make a splash, be seen, be heard, and be successful.
Passage 2
A blog can seem like a waste of time to some, since there is no guarantee readers will come and comment. Maintaining it with new posts and an interesting layout can seem like a chore. Why does someone bother to create a blog if it isn't to peddle a product or to get in touch with consumers? "The principal reason to blog is because you have something to say," claims one expert on blogging. "While the cadre of readers may be small, it is not really how many sets of eyeballs are reading your material that's important, but who the eyeballs belong to. Blogs are written by influencers, and it is often other influencers that read them."
Which of the following, if true, would most challenge the 'implication' mentioned in the fourth sentence?
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) A
Rationale
farmers obtained through trade the wheat and barley that Rosen analyzed.
This statement challenges the implication that farmers cultivated distant fields by suggesting that they did not grow the grain themselves but rather acquired it through trade, thus negating the need for transporting large quantities of harvested crops.
A) farmers obtained through trade the wheat and barley that Rosen analyzed.
This choice directly contradicts the implication that the farmers cultivated grain in distant fields. If they traded for the grain, it would eliminate the necessity of transporting their own crops, thereby challenging the assumption about their agricultural practices.
B) farmers understood the impact of soil conditions on crop productivity.
While this statement speaks to the knowledge of the farmers regarding agriculture, it does not challenge the implication in question. Understanding soil conditions does not negate the possibility that they still needed to transport grain from distant fields, as it does not address how they sourced their crops.
C) farmers shared wheat and barley fields with neighboring villages.
This option suggests a communal agricultural practice but does not inherently challenge the implication. Sharing fields could still mean that the farmers were involved in distant cultivation, so it does not refute the idea that crops were transported from afar.
D) farmers used wood that deteriorated in the damp environment.
This choice pertains to the materials used for construction and their durability but fails to address the agricultural implications at hand. It does not provide evidence regarding the sourcing of wheat and barley, leaving the original implication unchallenged.
Conclusion
The implication that farmers cultivated distant fields relies on the assumption that they grew their own wheat and barley. By asserting that they obtained the grains through trade, option A offers a direct challenge to this assumption, suggesting an alternate scenario that could explain the presence of grain in the village without necessitating the cultivation of distant fields.
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