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Question 1
Passage 1: In a recent survey concerning plagiarism among scholars, two University of Alabarma economists asked 1,200 of their colleagues if they believed their work had ever been stolen. A startling 40 percent answered yes. While not a random sample, the responses still represent hundreds of cases of alleged plagiarism. Very few of them will ever be dragged into the sunlight. That's because academia often discourages victims from seeking justice, and when they do, tends to ignore their complaints. 'It's like cockroaches,' says the author of a recent book about academic fraud. 'For every one you see on the floor, there are a hundred behind the stove.' Passage 2: Words belong to the person who wrote them. There are few simpler ethical notions than this, particularly as society directs more and more energy toward the creation of intellectual property. In the past 30 years, copyright laws have been strengthened, fighting piracy has become an obsession with w Hollywood, and, in the worlds of academia and publishing, plagiarism has gone from being bad literary manners to something close to a felony. When a noted historian was recently found to have lifted passages from other historians, she was asked to resign from the board of the Pulitzer Prize committee. And why not? If she had robbed a bank, she would have been fired the next day.
The main idea of Passage 1 is that academic plagiarism is:
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) B
Rationale
likely more common than it seems because suspected cases often go unreported.
The passage highlights that a significant percentage of scholars believe their work has been plagiarized, yet very few cases come to light due to academia's discouraging attitude towards victims seeking justice. This implies that plagiarism is a widespread issue that remains largely hidden.
A) becoming a primary concern among committees that review scholars' work
While the passage discusses the issue of plagiarism, it does not indicate that it has become a primary concern among review committees. Instead, the focus is on the lack of action taken against reported cases, suggesting that committees may not prioritize addressing the issue despite its prevalence.
B) likely more common than it seems because suspected cases often go unreported
The passage explicitly states that a startling 40 percent of surveyed scholars believe their work has been stolen, yet very few instances are pursued or acknowledged due to systemic discouragement. This clearly supports the notion that plagiarism is more common than reported, making this the main idea of Passage 1.
C) usually undetected because the stolen materials tend to be seen by few people
Although some cases of plagiarism may go unnoticed, the passage does not emphasize the visibility of the stolen materials as a reason for undetected plagiarism. Instead, it points to the reluctance of victims to report and the lack of action from academic institutions as the primary reasons for underreporting.
D) evolving into a source of widespread disgust among scholars at universities
The passage does not mention disgust among scholars regarding plagiarism. It focuses more on the systemic issues surrounding reporting and justice, rather than an emotional response from the academic community.
Conclusion
In summary, the main idea of Passage 1 revolves around the notion that academic plagiarism is likely much more prevalent than it appears, primarily due to the reluctance of victims to report their cases. This hidden nature of plagiarism reflects a significant issue within academia that warrants attention and change to encourage transparency and justice for affected scholars.
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Question 2
Passage 1: In a recent survey concerning plagiarism among scholars, two University of Alabarma economists asked 1,200 of their colleagues if they believed their work had ever been stolen. A startling 40 percent answered yes. While not a random sample, the responses still represent hundreds of cases of alleged plagiarism. Very few of them will ever be dragged into the sunlight. That's because academia often discourages victims from seeking justice, and when they do, tends to ignore their complaints. 'It's like cockroaches,' says the author of a recent book about academic fraud. 'For every one you see on the floor, there are a hundred behind the stove.' Passage 2: Words belong to the person who wrote them. There are few simpler ethical notions than this, particularly as society directs more and more energy toward the creation of intellectual property. In the past 30 years, copyright laws have been strengthened, fighting piracy has become an obsession with w Hollywood, and, in the worlds of academia and publishing, plagiarism has gone from being bad literary manners to something close to a felony. When a noted historian was recently found to have lifted passages from other historians, she was asked to resign from the board of the Pulitzer Prize committee. And why not? If she had robbed a bank, she would have been fired the next day.
The author quoted in Passage 1 would likely argue that the historian's having 'lifted passages from other historians' (sentence 4, Passage 2) is:
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) C
Rationale
C) far from an isolated incident
The author in Passage 1 implies that plagiarism is widespread and systemic within academia, suggesting that individual cases are just the tip of the iceberg. The metaphor of "cockroaches" indicates that many more instances of plagiarism exist than are reported or acknowledged.
A) an example of academic collaboration
This choice misinterprets the nature of plagiarism, which involves unauthorized use of another's work rather than collaborative efforts. Academic collaboration is based on mutual consent and acknowledgment, whereas plagiarism disregards the original author's rights and contributions.
B) deserving of harsh punishment
While the severity of consequences for plagiarism is acknowledged in Passage 2, Passage 1 emphasizes the systemic nature of the issue rather than focusing on punishment. The author suggests that many cases go unpunished, indicating that the emphasis is more on the prevalence of the problem rather than the need for punishment.
D) a comparatively recent problem
This choice incorrectly suggests that plagiarism is a new issue. Passage 1 implies that it has been a long-standing problem in academia, pointing to a culture that discourages reporting and justice, which indicates that it has existed for some time rather than being recent.
Conclusion
The author of Passage 1 highlights the pervasive nature of plagiarism in academia, suggesting it is a widespread issue rather than an isolated incident. The metaphorical comparison to cockroaches illustrates the hidden extent of this problem, pointing to a culture that often ignores complaints and discourages victims from seeking redress. This context supports the conclusion that the historian's actions are far from singular, aligning with the choice that they represent a broader, systemic issue within academia.
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Question 3
Passage 1: In a recent survey concerning plagiarism among scholars, two University of Alabarma economists asked 1,200 of their colleagues if they believed their work had ever been stolen. A startling 40 percent answered yes. While not a random sample, the responses still represent hundreds of cases of alleged plagiarism. Very few of them will ever be dragged into the sunlight. That's because academia often discourages victims from seeking justice, and when they do, tends to ignore their complaints. 'It's like cockroaches,' says the author of a recent book about academic fraud. 'For every one you see on the floor, there are a hundred behind the stove.' Passage 2: Words belong to the person who wrote them. There are few simpler ethical notions than this, particularly as society directs more and more energy toward the creation of intellectual property. In the past 30 years, copyright laws have been strengthened, fighting piracy has become an obsession with w Hollywood, and, in the worlds of academia and publishing, plagiarism has gone from being bad literary manners to something close to a felony. When a noted historian was recently found to have lifted passages from other historians, she was asked to resign from the board of the Pulitzer Prize committee. And why not? If she had robbed a bank, she would have been fired the next day.
The author of Passage 2 would likely respond to the actions attributed to 'academia' in the fifth sentence of Passage 1 ('academia...complaints') by asserting that:
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) C
Rationale
universities increasingly treat plagiarism as a serious offense.
The author of Passage 2 would likely emphasize the growing seriousness with which universities address plagiarism, suggesting a shift in academic culture that aligns with the concerns raised in Passage 1 regarding 'academia' and its complaints. This view recognizes the importance of maintaining integrity in academic work.
A) these actions are consistent with the approach common in publishing
This choice suggests that the actions of academia are standard in publishing practices. However, the context of the passages indicates a critique of how plagiarism is managed, rather than an endorsement of existing practices in publishing.
B) academic plagiarism has usually been misrepresented in surveys
While misrepresentation of academic plagiarism might be a concern, this choice does not directly address the seriousness of plagiarism as articulated in Passage 2. The focus is more on perception rather than the actual response from universities.
D) colleges should provide amnesty to researchers accused of plagiarism
This choice proposes a lenient approach to handling cases of plagiarism, which contradicts the author's likely emphasis on the need for stringent policies. It undermines the argument that universities are taking plagiarism seriously, which is the main focus of the response expected from Passage 2.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the author of Passage 2 would most likely assert that universities are increasingly treating plagiarism as a serious offense, reflecting a cultural shift towards accountability in academic integrity. This perspective aligns with the critique presented in Passage 1 and underscores the need for robust policies against academic misconduct. The other options either misinterpret the issue or suggest a leniency that contradicts the seriousness of the matter.
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Question 4
Passage 1: In a recent survey concerning plagiarism among scholars, two University of Alabarma economists asked 1,200 of their colleagues if they believed their work had ever been stolen. A startling 40 percent answered yes. While not a random sample, the responses still represent hundreds of cases of alleged plagiarism. Very few of them will ever be dragged into the sunlight. That's because academia often discourages victims from seeking justice, and when they do, tends to ignore their complaints. 'It's like cockroaches,' says the author of a recent book about academic fraud. 'For every one you see on the floor, there are a hundred behind the stove.' Passage 2: Words belong to the person who wrote them. There are few simpler ethical notions than this, particularly as society directs more and more energy toward the creation of intellectual property. In the past 30 years, copyright laws have been strengthened, fighting piracy has become an obsession with w Hollywood, and, in the worlds of academia and publishing, plagiarism has gone from being bad literary manners to something close to a felony. When a noted historian was recently found to have lifted passages from other historians, she was asked to resign from the board of the Pulitzer Prize committee. And why not? If she had robbed a bank, she would have been fired the next day.
In context, the last sentence of Passage 2 is best understood to:
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) D
Rationale
Emphasize the severity of a transgression.
The last sentence underscores the importance of grounding hunches in factual evidence, suggesting that without proof, strong beliefs can lead to misguided conclusions, which may be seen as a significant oversight or error in judgment.
A) Argue in favor of a restrained response
This choice implies a call for moderation in reaction, which does not align with the passage's emphasis on the necessity of proving hunches with facts. The passage discusses the consequences of failing to validate ideas rather than advocating for restraint in response.
B) Make light of a difficult situation
This option suggests a humorous or trivial approach, which contradicts the serious tone of the passage. The last sentence indicates a grave concern regarding the reliance on unproven hunches, highlighting the risks rather than lightening the weight of the situation.
C) Challenge an established belief
While the passage does discuss the tension between intuition and evidence, it does not explicitly aim to challenge established beliefs. Instead, it focuses on the consequences of failing to substantiate one’s intuition, rather than directly contesting accepted ideas.
D) Emphasize the severity of a transgression
This choice accurately captures the essence of the passage's conclusion. It conveys the message that without empirical support, strong beliefs can lead to significant errors, highlighting the critical nature of adhering to factual verification as a safeguard against misleading assumptions.
Conclusion
The closing sentence of the passage serves as a cautionary reminder that intuition must be validated through evidence to avoid serious mistakes. It emphasizes the gravity of neglecting empirical data in favor of unfounded beliefs, reinforcing the idea that rigorous testing and proof are essential in scientific inquiry.
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Question 5
The following sentence has a blank indicating that something has been left out. Beneath the sentence are four words or phrases. Choose the word or phrase that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. Ecologist Frank Ortega warned that the state's decision to ______ the rigid standards for disposal of toxic wastes would be construed as a signal that sloppiness in handling such wastes will be tolerated.
Ecologist Frank Ortega warned that the state's decision to ______ the rigid standards for disposal of toxic wastes would be construed as a signal that sloppiness in handling such wastes will be tolerated.
Your Answer: Option(s)
Correct Answer: Option(s) C
Rationale
Ecologist Frank Ortega warned that the state's decision to relax the rigid standards for disposal of toxic wastes would be construed as a signal that sloppiness in handling such wastes will be tolerated.
Relaxing the rigid standards implies a reduction in the strictness of regulations, which could lead to increased risk in the handling of toxic wastes, as Ortega noted. This choice directly aligns with the context of the sentence, emphasizing the potential consequences of less stringent waste disposal regulations.
A) enforce
Enforcing the rigid standards would imply strengthening the regulations surrounding toxic waste disposal, which contradicts the warning given by Ortega. Instead of signaling tolerance for sloppiness, enforcing standards would suggest a commitment to strict environmental protections.
B) codify
Codifying the standards means to formally arrange and set them into a systematic code or law. While this could imply a formalization of standards, it does not indicate any change in their strictness or a relaxation of requirements. Therefore, it does not align with the context of potential leniency.
D) publicize
Publicizing the standards refers to making them widely known or disseminated. This action would not inherently change the strictness of the waste disposal standards, nor would it suggest a tolerance for sloppiness in handling toxic wastes. It focuses on awareness rather than altering the nature of the regulations.
Conclusion
The decision to relax the standards for toxic waste disposal signifies a potential shift toward leniency, which aligns with Ortega's concern regarding the implications of such a decision. By contrasting this with the other choices, it becomes evident that relaxing the standards poses a risk to environmental safety, fostering an atmosphere in which negligence in waste management may be accepted.
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