Each of the following countries emerged after 1500 as a centralized territorial state EXCEPT

Spain, unified under the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, became a centralized territorial state in the late 15th century, solidifying its power through the Reconquista and the establishment of a strong monarchy, which set the stage for its global empire.

France emerged as a centralized state during the reign of Louis XI in the late 15th century and continued to consolidate power under subsequent monarchs, effectively reducing the influence of feudal lords and establishing a strong, centralized government.

England developed as a centralized territorial state following the Tudor dynasty, particularly under Henry VII and later monarchs. The establishment of the monarchy's authority and the reduction of feudal conflicts contributed to a strong centralized government structure.

The Ottoman Empire grew into a centralized state in the 16th century, particularly under Suleiman the Magnificent, who expanded its territory and strengthened its administrative structure, enabling efficient governance over a vast and diverse population.