Which personality theorist proposed that individuals differ in their level of development toward self-actualization?

Karen Horney, a neo-Freudian psychoanalyst, focused on social and cultural factors in personality development. She emphasized the role of basic anxiety and interpersonal relationships in shaping individual personality structures, rather than specifically addressing the concept of self-actualization as proposed by Maslow.

Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, presented theories centered on the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and the role of defense mechanisms in personality formation. While Freud's work significantly influenced psychology, his theories do not directly address the concept of self-actualization as a measure of personal growth.

Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, introduced concepts such as the collective unconscious, archetypes, and personality typology (e.g., introversion vs. extroversion). Jung's analytical psychology diverged from Maslow's focus on self-actualization and instead emphasized individuation and the integration of unconscious elements into conscious awareness.