Which international trade term (Incoterm) places the maximum responsibility on the seller for delivery and import clearance?

In EXW, the seller's responsibility is minimal, only providing the goods at their premises or another named place. The buyer bears all costs and risks from that point forward, including transport, export, and import duties, which means the seller is not responsible for delivery or clearance.

FOB requires the seller to deliver the goods on board the vessel designated by the buyer. While the seller is responsible for costs and risks until the goods are loaded onto the vessel, the buyer assumes responsibility for import clearance and further transportation, which limits the seller's obligations compared to DDP.

In the CIF Incoterm, the seller covers costs, insurance, and freight to transport goods to the destination port. However, the buyer is still responsible for import clearance and any duties upon arrival, meaning the seller does not hold the maximum responsibility as defined by DDP.