The fragmentation of the Greek city-states is best explained by their

While the Dorian invasions did have a significant impact on certain city-states, they are not the primary reason for the fragmentation of Greece. The invasions led to changes in power dynamics, but the underlying cause of fragmentation was the geography of the region, which fostered independent city-states rather than a unified response to external threats.

Although Greece was geographically separated from Egypt, this isolation did not significantly contribute to the fragmentation of city-states. Many Greek city-states engaged in trade and cultural exchange with Egypt, and their political fragmentation was primarily a result of their own geographical features rather than external isolation.

The lack of iron tools and weapons was not a defining factor in the fragmentation of Greek city-states. In fact, the adoption of iron technology eventually empowered many city-states, allowing them to develop their military capabilities. The fragmentation stemmed more from the challenging landscape than from technological limitations.