The House of Representatives impeached President Bill Clinton in 1999 for
Randomly assign a group of adults over the age of 55 to either an exercise or an alternative sedentary activity, and administer a cognitive assessment at the beginning of the study and again after three months.
This approach allows for controlled experimentation, where the researcher can isolate the effect of regular exercise on cognitive functioning by comparing the outcomes between the exercise group and the sedentary group, while minimizing the influence of confounding variables.
Surveys can provide correlational data but do not establish causation. This method lacks the controlled environment necessary to determine whether exercise directly improves cognitive functioning, as many other factors could influence both exercise habits and cognitive abilities.
While this method compares two groups, it does not incorporate random assignment or control for other confounding variables that may differ between the communities. Therefore, it cannot definitively establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
This method provides a robust experimental design that allows researchers to make causal inferences about the impact of exercise on cognitive functioning. Random assignment helps eliminate biases and confounding variables, making it possible to attribute changes in cognitive performance directly to the exercise intervention.
A case study focuses on a single individual and lacks generalizability. While it may provide insights into the effects of exercise on that specific person, it does not provide a basis for establishing a cause-and-effect relationship applicable to a broader population.
Similar to the survey method, this approach compares two groups without random assignment, making it difficult to account for other variables that may contribute to differences in cognitive performance. It does not directly test the causal impact of exercise on cognitive function.
Establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between regular exercise and improved cognitive functioning in older adults requires a controlled experimental design. Random assignment, as described in choice C, effectively isolates the variable of interest and accounts for confounding factors, thereby enabling the researcher to draw valid conclusions about the direct effects of exercise. In contrast, the other options fail to provide the necessary rigor to establish causation.
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