A scientist wants to determine how the speed of flowing water affects the size of sediment particles it can carry. The scientist places a mix of sediment particles in the bottom of a trough and runs water through the trough. The scientist varies the speed of the water and measures the sizes of the particles that the water carries away. Which type of investigation is the scientist using?

Rationale

The scientist is using a controlled experiment.

In this investigation, the scientist manipulates the speed of flowing water while controlling other variables to assess the impact on sediment particle size. This method allows for the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships, making it a clear example of a controlled experiment.

A (Controlled experiment) CORRECT

A controlled experiment is characterized by the manipulation of one or more independent variables while keeping other factors constant. In this case, the scientist varies the speed of the water flow to observe its direct effect on the size of sediment particles carried away, fulfilling the criteria for a controlled experiment.

B (Field study) YOUR ANSWER

A field study involves observing and collecting data in a natural environment without manipulating variables. While the scientist's investigation involves real-world sediment and water, the controlled conditions of the trough and the variable speed of water demonstrate that this investigation is not merely observational but rather an experimental setup.

C (Observational study) YOUR ANSWER

An observational study focuses on gathering data without any intervention or manipulation by the researcher. In this case, the scientist actively alters the speed of water to measure its effects, which distinguishes this investigation from a purely observational study.

D (Computational model) YOUR ANSWER

A computational model uses simulations to predict outcomes based on theoretical data and computer algorithms. The scientist's hands-on approach with physical sediment and water flow does not involve simulations or computational predictions, thus ruling out this option.

Conclusion

The investigation by the scientist exemplifies a controlled experiment due to the deliberate manipulation of the water's speed and the measurement of its effects on sediment particle size. This method allows for a systematic exploration of the relationship between water flow and sediment transport, reinforcing the scientific method's principles in experimental design.

The scientist is using a controlled experiment.

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