Which source of self-efficacy is based on a student's own past successes?

Social persuasion involves encouragement or feedback from others, such as teachers, peers, or family members, which can enhance a student's belief in their abilities. While this can positively influence self-efficacy, it is not based on the individual's own past successes but rather on external validation and support.

Vicarious experiences occur when individuals observe others successfully completing tasks and, through this observation, gain confidence in their own abilities. Although witnessing someone else's success can inspire and motivate a student, it does not originate from their own personal achievements and therefore does not constitute a direct source of self-efficacy.

Physiological and emotional states refer to the physical and emotional responses individuals have in different situations, such as anxiety or stress. These states can influence self-efficacy perceptions, but they are not rooted in past successes and can vary widely depending on the context, making them less reliable as a source of self-efficacy.