Which process is responsible for the formation of V-shaped valleys?

Groundwater erosion typically occurs below the surface, primarily affecting soil and rock through processes like dissolution and chemical weathering rather than forming distinct valley shapes. While it plays a role in shaping landscapes, it does not create the V-shaped valleys associated with surface water flow.

Ocean waves cause coastal erosion, shaping shorelines but not creating V-shaped valleys inland. This type of erosion results in features like cliffs and sea stacks rather than the steep-sided valleys formed by river erosion. Therefore, it is not the process responsible for V-shaped valley formation.

Wind erosion primarily affects arid and semi-arid regions, shaping features such as dunes and deflation hollows. While it can sculpt the landscape, wind erosion does not produce the V-shaped valleys characteristic of riverine processes, as it lacks the capacity to cut deeply into the earth like flowing water.