Which formula would represent the stockholders' equity section of the basic accounting equation?

This formula calculates net income, which reflects a company's profitability over a period but does not directly represent stockholders' equity. While net income contributes to retained earnings, it is not a standalone measure of equity itself, as it does not account for the initial capital invested by stockholders.

This formula describes the cash flow situation of a company, indicating the cash available at the beginning of a period plus any changes throughout that period. It does not pertain to stockholders' equity, as it focuses solely on cash rather than the overall equity position, which includes assets and liabilities.

This formula defines working capital, which measures a company's short-term financial health and operational efficiency. While it is important for assessing liquidity, it does not provide a complete picture of stockholders' equity, which encompasses the total contributions from shareholders and accumulated earnings.