Which element of the just-in-time (JIT) system is concerned with human resources?

Total quality management (TQM) focuses on continuous improvement in processes and products, emphasizing quality control and customer satisfaction. While TQM does involve people, it primarily addresses operational excellence rather than the specific aspect of managing human resources within the JIT system.

The JIT philosophy encompasses the overall approach to production and inventory management aimed at reducing waste and improving efficiency. Although it involves human resources indirectly, it does not specifically pertain to the management or treatment of employees, making it less relevant to the question.

Just-in-time manufacturing refers to the actual production processes that minimize inventory and reduce waste. This concept is primarily operational and logistical, focusing on the timing and flow of materials rather than on the human resource aspects that are critical to the success of the JIT system.