Zoning ordinances are typically established by

The federal government does not establish zoning ordinances, as zoning is primarily a matter of local governance. While federal laws may influence land use in certain contexts, such as environmental regulations, the actual creation and enforcement of zoning laws fall under the jurisdiction of state and local authorities.

State governments provide the legal framework for zoning, enabling local governments to create their own ordinances. However, state governments do not directly implement zoning laws for specific areas; that responsibility lies with local town and city governments that understand and cater to the unique needs of their communities.

Courts typically do not establish zoning ordinances; rather, they interpret and enforce existing laws. While court decisions can influence zoning practices by resolving disputes or challenges related to zoning ordinances, they are not responsible for creating the ordinances themselves, which remain a function of local government.