Zoning ordinances are typically established by

The federal government does not typically establish zoning ordinances, as zoning is primarily a local matter. While federal regulations may influence land use through laws such as the Clean Water Act, the actual zoning decisions are made at the local level to address specific community needs.

Although state governments may provide overarching land-use laws and frameworks, they do not directly create zoning ordinances for individual municipalities. Instead, they empower local governments to make zoning decisions that reflect the unique needs and characteristics of their communities.

Courts do not establish zoning ordinances; rather, they may interpret and enforce existing zoning laws or resolve disputes related to zoning issues. Their role is more about adjudication rather than the creation of ordinances, which remains the purview of local governments.