Which of the following early civilization's contributions to science and technology included the invention of the arch and the building of aqueducts and roads?

While the Egyptians made significant contributions to architecture and engineering, such as the construction of the pyramids, they did not invent the arch or build aqueducts and roads to the extent seen in Roman civilization. Their innovations were primarily focused on monumental structures and tombs rather than infrastructure.

The Greeks contributed greatly to philosophy and the arts, as well as to some architectural techniques, but they did not develop the arch in the same way the Romans did. Their architectural achievements included columns and temples, but they lacked the extensive road and aqueduct systems characteristic of Roman engineering.

The Mesopotamians are credited with early developments in agriculture, writing, and city planning, but they did not invent the arch or create the complex aqueduct and road systems seen in Roman times. Their contributions were more focused on urban development and irrigation.