Which of the following conditions is characterized by increased intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage?

Cataracts involve the clouding of the lens of the eye, leading to blurred vision, but they do not inherently cause increased intraocular pressure or optic nerve damage. Instead, cataracts can result from aging or other factors but are primarily related to the lens rather than the pressure within the eye.

Keratitis is an inflammation of the cornea, often caused by infection or injury, leading to symptoms such as redness and pain. Although it affects vision, it does not involve increased intraocular pressure or optic nerve damage, which are key features of glaucoma.

Macular degeneration is a degenerative condition affecting the central part of the retina (the macula), leading to loss of central vision. While it severely impacts vision, it does not involve increased intraocular pressure or directly cause optic nerve damage.

Retinal detachment occurs when the retina separates from its underlying layer, which can lead to vision loss. This condition is not characterized by increased intraocular pressure, nor does it primarily affect the optic nerve like glaucoma.