Which can be used as a formative assessment to measure students' reading comprehension in an English language arts class?

While end-of-chapter tests can evaluate overall understanding, they often serve as summative assessments rather than formative ones. These tests typically focus on assessing knowledge retention rather than providing ongoing feedback about students’ comprehension processes, making them less effective for immediate instructional adjustments.

Oral reading fluency measures primarily assess reading speed and accuracy rather than comprehension. Although they provide valuable data on reading skills, they do not directly evaluate students' abilities to infer meaning or engage critically with the text, which is essential for comprehensive understanding.

Although word maps and matrices can support vocabulary development, they do not directly measure reading comprehension. These tools focus more on the relationships between words rather than on understanding the broader context or making inferences from the text, which are critical components of reading comprehension.