Private controls on land use include

Building codes are government-mandated regulations that set standards for construction and safety, ensuring that buildings are safe and habitable. These codes are enforced at the municipal or state level and do not represent private controls over land use, as they apply universally to all properties within the jurisdiction.

Zoning refers to the divisions of land into zones designated for different uses, such as residential, commercial, or industrial. Zoning regulations are established and enforced by local governments to manage land use in accordance with urban planning goals. Like building codes, zoning is a public control mechanism rather than a private one.

Floodplain management involves policies and practices designed to reduce flood risks and manage floodplain areas, typically enforced by government agencies. This is a public regulatory approach to land use aimed at protecting communities from environmental hazards, again distinguishing it from private land use controls.