Nicolaus Copernicus' On the Revolutions ofthe Heavenly Bodies challenged which of the following commonly held beliefs of the Middle Ages?

The idea that the Earth is round was already widely accepted among educated individuals during the Middle Ages, dating back to ancient Greek philosophers. Copernicus did not dispute this belief; instead, he focused on the arrangement of celestial bodies in relation to the Earth and Sun.

Copernicus’ theories did not directly challenge the notion of divine creation. Many scholars of his time still believed in a God who created the universe, and his heliocentric model was often interpreted as compatible with religious views rather than opposing them.

Astrology, which posited that celestial movements influenced human affairs, was prevalent during the Middle Ages. Copernicus's work did not directly counter this belief; rather, it focused on the physical arrangement of celestial bodies without addressing their astrological implications.